Mustahab acts
2058. The following five acts are Mustahab in connection with sale and purchase:
1. To learn the rules of daily transactions. Imam Ja'far Sadiq (A.S.) is reported to have said: "A person who wishes to engage in business, should learn its rules and laws, and if he makes any transaction without learning them, he may suffer because of entering into a void or doubtful transactions".
2. One should not discriminate between various moslem buyers while charging for the commodities.
3. One should not be adamant about the prices.
4. One should give a little more of the thing one sells, and should take a little less of the thing which one buys.
5. If the buyer regrets having purchased something, and wishes to return it, the seller should accept it back.
2060. If a person does not possess any wealth, and it is obligatory on him to maintain his dependents, like, his wife and children, he should start earning. Moreover, to earn is recommended for Mustahab acts like providing better means of livelihood to one's family, and helping the poor persons.…
Makrooh transactions
2061. The following are main Makrooh transactions:
1. To sell the land, except when one wishes to purchase another land with its proceeds.
2. To be a butcher.
3. To make shroud selling one's vocation.
4. To enter into transaction with people of low character.
5. To transact a deal between the Fajr prayers and sunrise.
6. To make it one's vocation to buy or sell wheat and barley, or other similar commodities.
7. To interfere in a deal being carried out by a Muslim, and make one's own offer.
Haraam transactions
2062. Haraam deals are six:
1. To sale and purchase of essentially najis things, for example , Dead body, pigs , intoxicating beverages, non-hunting dogs.ادامه....
2. Sale and purchase of usurped property.
3. It is haraam to sell and purchase those things which are not usually considered to be merchandise, like, the sale and purchase of wild beasts.
4. Sale and purchase of those things which are usually utilised for haraam acts only, like, gambling tools.
5. Any transaction which involves usury.
6. Selling a commodity which is mixed with another, and it is not possible to detect the adulteration, nor does the seller inform the buyer about it, like, to sell ghee mixed with fat. This act is called cheating (ghish).
2063. There is no harm in selling a Pak thing which has become najis, but can be made Pak by washing it. However if buyer wants it for the act in which it must be Pak, (For example, it is a clothes in which buyer wants to do prayers) he should inform the buyer about it, as an obligatory precaution.
2066. There is no objection to selling or buying the oils and liquid medicines and perfumes which are imported from non-Islamic countries, if it is not known to be Najis. But the fat which is obtained from a dead animal, if it is acquired from a non-Muslim in their city and obtained from the dead body of an animal whose blood gushes when killed, it will be Najis, and the transaction is void.
2067. If a fox is not slaughtered according to religious law, or dies a natural death, it is haraam to purchase or sell its hide, and the transaction is void.
2070. Transaction of intoxicating drinks is haraam and void.
2071. Sale of usurped property is void, and the seller should return to the buyer the money taken from him.
2072. If the buyers intention is not to pay the price of the commodity being purchased by him, the transaction will be matter of Ishkal(pondering).
Conditions of a seller and a buyer
2088. There are six conditions for the sellers and buyers:
1. They should be baligh.
2. They should be sane.
3. They should not be impudent, that is, they should not be squandering their wealth.
4. They should have a serious and genuine intention to sell and purchase a commodity. Hence, if a person says jokingly, that he has sold his property, that transaction is void.
5. They have not been forced to sell and buy.
6. They should be the rightful owners of the commodity which they wish to sell, or give in exchange. Rules relating to these will be explained in the following:
Conditions regarding commodity and what is obtained in exchange
2097. The commodity which is sold, and the thing which is received in exchange, should fulfil five conditions:
1. Its quantity should be known by means of weight or measure or counting etc.
2. It should be transferable. Hence, For example, if a person sells a horse which has run away, the transaction is not valid. However if he supplements it with a transferable thing (like carpet) and sells them together the transaction will be valid, even if the horse cannot be found.